How Async works

async/await keywords

Methods marked with async may use the await keyword. The async keyword was introduced for compatibility with older code, which could’ve used await as a name of variables or other things. This way, if such older code gets upgraded to .NET > 4.5 (Framework), it will continue to work. Only after the async keyword is added, the await becomes a keyword in a method.

State Machine

The code that uses async/await is just a syntactic sugar. In reality, that code gets turned into a state machine where state transitions happen whenever await is encountered. The async methods get turned into classes representing those state machines.

Here’s an example stolen from Microsoft DevBlog:

Before:

class StockPrices
{
    private Dictionary<string, decimal> _stockPrices;
    public async Task<decimal> GetStockPriceForAsync(string companyId)
    {
        await InitializeMapIfNeededAsync();
        _stockPrices.TryGetValue(companyId, out var result);
        return result;
    }

    private async Task InitializeMapIfNeededAsync()
    {
        if (_stockPrices != null)
            return;

        await Task.Delay(42);
        // Getting the stock prices from the external source and cache in memory.
        _stockPrices = new Dictionary<string, decimal> { { "MSFT", 42 } };
    }
}

After:

class GetStockPriceForAsync_StateMachine
{
    enum State { Start, Step1, }
    private readonly StockPrices @this;
    private readonly string _companyId;
    private readonly TaskCompletionSource<decimal> _tcs;
    private Task _initializeMapIfNeededTask;
    private State _state = State.Start;

    public GetStockPriceForAsync_StateMachine(StockPrices @this, string companyId)
    {
        this.@this = @this;
        _companyId = companyId;
    }

    public void Start()
    {
        try
        {
            if (_state == State.Start)
            {
                // The code from the start of the method to the first 'await'.

                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_companyId))
                    throw new ArgumentNullException();

                _initializeMapIfNeededTask = @this.InitializeMapIfNeeded();

                // Update state and schedule continuation
                _state = State.Step1;
                _initializeMapIfNeededTask.ContinueWith(_ => Start());
            }
            else if (_state == State.Step1)
            {
                // Need to check the error and the cancel case first
                if (_initializeMapIfNeededTask.Status == TaskStatus.Canceled)
                    _tcs.SetCanceled();
                else if (_initializeMapIfNeededTask.Status == TaskStatus.Faulted)
                    _tcs.SetException(_initializeMapIfNeededTask.Exception.InnerException);
                else
                {
                    // The code between first await and the rest of the method

                    @this._store.TryGetValue(_companyId, out var result);
                    _tcs.SetResult(result);
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            _tcs.SetException(e);
        }
    }

    public Task<decimal> Task => _tcs.Task;
}

public Task<decimal> GetStockPriceForAsync(string companyId)
{
    var stateMachine = new GetStockPriceForAsync_StateMachine(this, companyId);
    stateMachine.Start();
    return stateMachine.Task;
}

The TaskCompletionSource is a crucial player in the Task-ecosystem. This is what controls the state of the task in the background.

Sources

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